Printing electronic circuits on sheets of plastic may offer a low-cost technique for manufacturing thin-film transistors for flexible displays. Researchers at the University of Illinois (Champaign, IL) have developed a process to fabricate single-crystal organic transistors. It allows scientists to probe charge transport within the crystals and to observe a strong anisotropy of the charge transport mobility within the crystal plane never before seen.
"We construct transistors simply by laminating a piece of silicone rubber that supports electrodes and dielectric layers for the transistor-an element that we refer to as a transistor stamp-against the surface of a single crystal," says John Rogers, a professor of materials science and engineering.
"This method separates the synthesis of the crystal from the fabrication of the other elements needed for the transistors," explains Rogers. "It thereby eliminates exposure of the fragile surface of the organic crystals to the hazards of conventional processing."
The fabrication technique-developed in conjunction with scientists at Rutgers University and Lucent Technologies-provides a way to study the physics at the heart of charge transport in these unusual materials. It also has resulted in the highest mobility recorded in an organic semiconductor.
According to Rogers, the use of transistor stamps promises to open up the field of basic study of organic semiconductors by allowing devices to be fabricated from pristine organic crystal samples that remain untouched by conventional chemical or mechanical processing.
To build their high-performance organic transistors, the researchers start with a simple rubber substrate, upon which they deposit gold films and thin rubber layers to create the gate dielectric and the source, drain and gate electrodes. A high-quality rubrene crystal is then bonded to the substrate to complete assembly. The bonding is performed by a lamination process carried out in ambient conditions without pressure or adhesives.
"While this assembly process could be performed commercially to produce complex circuits, we really designed it to get at the physics," says Rogers. "Understanding the fundamental behavior of charge transport in these transistors will help us make better devices for the wide range of electronic applications that are now emerging for these classes of materials."
As charges flow through conventional thin-film polycrystalline materials, they encounter boundaries between the crystals that disrupt their movement. By studying single crystals, Rogers and his colleagues can eliminate the effects of these grain boundaries and examine the intrinsic transport properties of the crystalline material itself.
"The mobility we measured in these single-crystal devices was about 50 to 100 times larger than in thin-film plastic transistors," claims Rogers. "This result suggests that scattering at grain boundaries is significantly reducing the performance of normal transistors, and points us toward a way of improving these devices."
Because the bond between stamp and crystal is not permanent, the researchers also can remove the crystal, rotate it and reattach it to the substrate. Repositioning the crystal allows the scientists to explore the dependence of the mobility on the orientation of the transistor channel relative to the crystal axes.
"We found a huge dependence upon transport direction in the currents that we measured," Rogers points out. "This anisotropy was unexpected, and indicates that transistor performance depends strongly on how the electrodes are oriented relative to the packing of molecules in the crystal."
